
Brontosaurus excelsus
発音: BRON-toh-SORE-us ek-SEL-sus
Sauropoda · Diplodocidae
The "thunder lizard", a long-necked diplodocid from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States. Sunk into Apatosaurus in 1903, it was restored as a separate genus in 2015 after a specimen-by-specimen study.
- Giant
- Long necked
- Quadrupedal
- Famous specimen
- 時代
- ジュラ紀· キンメリッジアン期
- 食性
- 植物食
- 全長
- 21–23 m
- 体重
- 15,000–20,000 kg
- 産地
- Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, United States
クイックアンサー
- Brontosaurus excelsusの大きさは?
- Brontosaurus excelsusの全長は約21–23 mでした。腰の高さは約3.4–4 mでした。体重は約15–20 tでした。 (Wikipedia: Brontosaurus 2026; Paul 2016)
- Brontosaurus excelsusはいつ生きていた?
- Brontosaurus excelsusはジュラ紀後期、約1.548億〜1.431億年前に生きていました。 (Paleobiology Database: Brontosaurus occurrences 2026)
- Brontosaurus excelsusの化石はどこで見つかった?
- Brontosaurus excelsusの化石はMorrison Formation (Colorado)、United Statesで見つかっています。 (Marsh 1879; Tschopp et al. 2015)
- Brontosaurus excelsusは何を食べていた?
- Brontosaurus excelsusは植物食でした。 (Marsh 1879; Tschopp et al. 2015)
- Brontosaurus excelsusは誰がいつ命名した?
- Brontosaurus excelsusは1879年にOthniel Charles Marshによって記載されました。 (Marsh 1879; Tschopp et al. 2015)
このページの内容
BRON-toh-SORE-us ek-SEL-sus
- 時代
- ジュラ紀154.8–143.1 Ma
- 食性
- 植物食
- 全長
- 21–23 m
- 体重
- 15–20 t
- 産地
- United States
- 分類
- Sauropoda · Diplodocidae
- 記載
- 1879, Othniel Charles Marsh
概要
このコンテンツは英語でご覧いただけます。
Brontosaurus excelsus lived in western North America in the Late Jurassic, in the Morrison Formation. Othniel Charles Marsh named it in 1879 from a large skeleton collected at Como Bluff, Wyoming (YPM 1980). That skeleton became the first sauropod ever shown as a complete reconstruction, and made the name famous.
In 1903 Elmer Riggs concluded that Brontosaurus was the same animal as Apatosaurus, named by Marsh two years earlier, and the older name took priority. For more than a century scientists used Apatosaurus while the public kept saying Brontosaurus.
In 2015 Emmanuel Tschopp, Octávio Mateus and Roger Benson compared hundreds of features across diplodocid specimens and found Brontosaurus distinct enough to be a genus again, with three species: B. excelsus, B. parvus and B. yahnahpin. Like its relatives it had a long neck, a massive body and a long, whip-like tail.
名前の意味
From Greek brontē ("thunder") and sauros ("lizard"); excelsus, Latin for "high" or "noble" (Marsh 1879).
生態と証拠
この動物がどのように暮らしていたかについての科学者の考えと、それぞれの説を支える証拠の強さです。
バイオメカニクス
Brontosaurus and its relatives could crack their tails like a whip at supersonic speed.
証拠レベル:議論ありA 1997 model said the tail tip could break the sound barrier. A 2022 model including soft tissue found the tip reached only about 30 m/s and that tissues would fail at supersonic speed.
賛成・反対の証拠 · 2
支持する証拠
バイオメカニクスモデル · Supersonic diplodocid tail model
A computer model of the Apatosaurus louisae tail reaching supersonic speed at the tip, like a bullwhip.
反する証拠
バイオメカニクスモデル · Diplodocid tail multibody model
A multibody model with soft-tissue strength limits: the tail tip reaches about 30 m/s, far below the speed of sound.
その他
Brontosaurus has three species: B. excelsus, B. parvus and B. yahnahpin.
証拠レベル:中程度の証拠Tschopp et al. referred Elosaurus parvus and Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin to Brontosaurus alongside the type species.
賛成・反対の証拠 · 1
支持する証拠
系統推定 · Specimen-level phylogeny of Diplodocidae
A phylogenetic analysis scoring 81 diplodocid specimens separately, with a numerical criterion for genus and species boundaries; it recovers Brontosaurus as distinct from Apatosaurus.
標本: YPM 1980
Brontosaurus is a genus distinct from Apatosaurus.
証拠レベル:中程度の証拠A specimen-by-specimen analysis found enough differences to separate them again in 2015. Most researchers now use Brontosaurus, but the line between genera is partly a matter of convention.
賛成・反対の証拠 · 1
支持する証拠
系統推定 · Specimen-level phylogeny of Diplodocidae
A phylogenetic analysis scoring 81 diplodocid specimens separately, with a numerical criterion for genus and species boundaries; it recovers Brontosaurus as distinct from Apatosaurus.
標本: YPM 1980
サイズ
- 全長
- 21–23 m
- 体高
- 3.7 m文献上の範囲 3.4–4 m
- 体重
- 15,000–20,000 kg
(75.5 フィート)
YPM 1980 に基づく
(12.1 フィート)
YPM 1980 (holotype, femur c. 1.83 m) に基づく
タイムライン
時代: キンメリッジアン期 (154.8–149.2 Ma), チトニアン期 (149.2–145 Ma), ジュラ紀後期 (161.5–145 Ma)
First and last appearance bounds of B. excelsus in PBDB (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian, PBDB time scale). The holotype comes from the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation.
産地
累層
- Morrison Formation · Colorado
- Reed's Quarry 10, Como Bluff, Albany County, Wyoming · Morrison Formation · Wyoming · 位置はおおよそ
これは化石が見つかった場所で、この動物が暮らしていた範囲全体ではありません。
生態系
生息環境: Morrison
156–147 百万年前 · 氾濫原, 河川系, 疎林, 湖
A vast, seasonally dry floodplain crossed by rivers in the western interior of North America in the Late Jurassic, with a wet and a dry season, conifer and fern vegetation along the water and giant sauropods in abundance.
分類
- クレードDinosauria
- クレードSaurischia
- クレードSauropodomorpha
- クレードSauropoda
- 上科Diplodocoidea
- 科Diplodocidae
- 亜科Apatosaurinae
- 属Brontosaurus
- 種Brontosaurus excelsus
分類上の地位: 有効
化石記録
| 標本番号 | 種別 | 所蔵機関 | 発見 |
|---|---|---|---|
| YPM 1980 | ホロタイプ | Yale Peabody Museum (YPM) | 1879 |
各標本にどの骨が残っているかはまだ記録されていません。
ギャラリー
発見
- 記載年
- 1879
- 記載者
- Othniel Charles Marsh
- タイプ標本
- YPM 1980
発見の年表
1879 · 正式に記載
Marsh names Brontosaurus excelsus
Marsh names the "thunder lizard" from a skeleton dug at Como Bluff, Wyoming.
人物:Othniel Charles Marsh
1903 · 再検討
Riggs sinks Brontosaurus into Apatosaurus
Elmer Riggs concludes that Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus are the same genus; the older name Apatosaurus takes priority.
人物:Elmer S. Riggs
2015 · 再検討
Brontosaurus restored as a separate genus
Tschopp, Mateus and Benson revalidate Brontosaurus with three species.
人物:Emmanuel Tschopp
出典
- (2026). Paleobiology Database: Brontosaurus occurrences. The Paleobiology Database (paleobiodb.org), data service 1.2, accessed 2026-09-23. https://paleobiodb.org/data1.2/occs/list.txt?base_name=Brontosaurus&show=coords,paleoloc,strat,loc,ref&pgm=gplates(新しいタブで開きます)
- (2026). Wikipedia: Brontosaurus. Wikipedia (English), accessed 2026-09-23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontosaurus(新しいタブで開きます)
- Conti, S., Tschopp, E., Mateus, O., Zanoni, A., Masarati, P. & Sala, G. (2022). Multibody analysis and soft tissue strength refute supersonic dinosaur tail. Scientific Reports 12. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21633-2(新しいタブで開きます)
- Marsh, O. C. (1879). Notice of new Jurassic reptiles. American Journal of Science, series 3, 18: 501-505.
- Myhrvold, N. P. & Currie, P. J. (1997). Supersonic sauropods? Tail dynamics in the diplodocids. Paleobiology 23: 393-409. doi:10.1017/s0094837300019801(新しいタブで開きます)
- Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd edition). Princeton University Press.
- Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. J. (2015). A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3: e857. doi:10.7717/peerj.857(新しいタブで開きます)