Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
读音： SPY-noh-SORE-us ee-jip-TIE-ah-kus
Tetanurae · Spinosauridae
A long-snouted, sail-backed spinosaurid theropod from the Cenomanian of North Africa and one of the longest predatory dinosaurs known. How big it was and how much time it spent in water are still debated.
- Sail backed
- Giant
- Possibly semiaquatic
- Unusual anatomy
- Movie icon
- 时代
- 白垩纪· 塞诺曼阶
- 食性
- 肉食性
- 体长
- 13.5–14 m
- 体重
- 7,390 kg
- 地点
- Egypt, Morocco
快速问答
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus有多大？
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus体长约13.5–14 m。髋部高约2.2–3 m。体重约7.4 t。 (Sereno et al. 2022; Ibrahim et al. 2014)
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus生活在什么时候？
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus生活在晚白垩世，约1.005亿至9390万年前。 (Cohen et al. 2023; Dal Sasso et al. 2005)
- 在哪里发现过Spinosaurus aegyptiacus的化石？
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus的化石发现于Bahariya Formation (Egypt)和Kem Kem Group (Morocco)。 (Stromer 1915; Dal Sasso et al. 2005)
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus吃什么？
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus是肉食性或食鱼性。 (Stromer 1915; Dal Sasso et al. 2005)
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus由谁命名，何时命名？
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus由Ernst Stromer于1915年描述。 (Stromer 1915; Ibrahim et al. 2014)
- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus出现在《侏罗纪公园》里吗？
- 是的。Spinosaurus aegyptiacus出现在《侏罗纪公园3》 (2001)和《侏罗纪世界：重生》 (2025)中。电影有不少虚构成分；本页将其与化石证据进行了对比。 (Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park 2026; Ibrahim et al. 2014)
本页内容
- 时代
- 白垩纪100.5–93.9 Ma
- 食性
- 肉食性
- 体长
- 13.5–14 m
- 体重
- 7.4 t
- 产地
- Egypt, Morocco
- 分类
- Tetanurae · Spinosauridae
- 命名
- 1915, Ernst Stromer
概览
此内容目前仅提供英文版。
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus lived in North Africa during the Cenomanian, early in the Late Cretaceous. It was named by Ernst Stromer in 1915 from bones found in the Bahariya Formation of Egypt; that holotype was destroyed in an Allied bombing raid on Munich in 1944.
Later finds from the Kem Kem Group of Morocco, including a partial skeleton designated as neotype by Ibrahim et al. (2014), show a long crocodile-like snout, very tall neural spines forming a sail, dense limb bones and short hind legs. Ibrahim et al. (2014) read these as adaptations to a semiaquatic life; Sereno et al. (2022) argued it was a wading, shoreline predator rather than an aquatic pursuit hunter.
Its size is contested. Dal Sasso et al. (2005) scaled a large snout to suggest it exceeded Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus, while the skeletal model of Sereno et al. (2022) is just under 14 m long. The figures below show the range and who proposed each value.
名称含义
From Latin spina ("spine", for the tall neural spines) and Greek sauros ("lizard"); aegyptiacus means "Egyptian" (Stromer 1915).
生物学与证据
科学家对这种动物生活方式的看法，以及每种观点的证据有多充分。
运动方式
Spinosaurus was a semiaquatic animal that swam with its tail and hunted underwater.
证据等级：有争议One team argues its fin-like tail and dense bones made it an underwater pursuit predator. Other researchers modelled its body and found it would float and tip over, and argue it waded in shallow water like a heron. The question is open.
支持 / 反对证据 · 3
支持证据
标本 · Spinosaurus paddle-like tail (FSAC-KK 11888)
Tall, flexible tail with long neural spines and chevrons, interpreted as a fin for swimming.
标本： FSAC-KK 11888
组织学 · Dense limb bones in spinosaurids
Bone cross-sections show very dense, compact limb bones in Spinosaurus and Baryonyx, like those of animals that dive.
标本： FSAC-KK 11888
反对证据
生物力学模型 · Spinosaurus buoyancy and body models
Digital body models finding Spinosaurus unstable and too buoyant to dive or pursue prey underwater; the tail too weak for fast swimming.
姿态
Spinosaurus had short hind legs and may have walked on all fours on land.
证据等级：有争议The 2014 neotype reconstruction had very short legs, which suggested a four-legged gait on land. Critics say the skeleton may mix individuals of different sizes; later work by Sereno et al. (2022) reconstructs it as a biped.
支持 / 反对证据 · 2
支持证据
标本 · Spinosaurus paddle-like tail (FSAC-KK 11888)
Tall, flexible tail with long neural spines and chevrons, interpreted as a fin for swimming.
标本： FSAC-KK 11888
反对证据
生物力学模型 · Spinosaurus buoyancy and body models
Digital body models finding Spinosaurus unstable and too buoyant to dive or pursue prey underwater; the tail too weak for fast swimming.
进食
Spinosaurus ate a lot of fish.
证据等级：有力证据Its long, narrow jaws and cone-shaped teeth resemble those of fish-eating crocodiles, and the chemistry of spinosaurid teeth suggests they spent time in water. Fish was very likely a large part of the diet, though it probably ate other prey too.
支持 / 反对证据 · 2
支持证据
比较解剖学 · Spinosaurus conical teeth and long snout
Straight conical teeth, interlocking rosette at the jaw tip and a long narrow snout, similar to fish-eating crocodilians.
其他 · Spinosaurid tooth oxygen isotopes
Oxygen isotope ratios of spinosaurid teeth closer to those of turtles and crocodiles than of other theropods.
其他
The sail on the back of Spinosaurus was mainly for display.
证据等级：假说The sail, made of neural spines up to about 1.6 m tall, is well documented; its purpose is not. Display is the most common interpretation, but temperature control and other uses have been proposed, and there is no direct test.
体型
- 体长
- 13.5–14 m
- 身高
- 2.6 m文献范围 2.2–3 m
- 体重
- 7,390 kg
（45.9 英尺）
依据 Composite adult model based on the neotype FSAC-KK 11888 and referred material
（8.5 英尺）
依据 FSAC-KK 11888 (neotype, subadult) scaled to adult size
依据 Adult flesh model (Sereno et al. 2022)
时间线
时代： 塞诺曼阶 (100.5–93.9 Ma), 晚白垩世 (100.5–66 Ma)
Ages are the ICS 2023/09 bounds of the Cenomanian, the stage(s) the fossils are assigned to; they bracket the record and are not dated first/last appearances.
产地
地层
- Bahariya Formation · Egypt
- Kem Kem Group · Morocco
- Gebel el Dist, Bahariya Oasis, Egypt · Bahariya Formation · Egypt · 位置为近似值
- Neotype site near Erfoud, Kem Kem beds, Morocco · Kem Kem Group · Morocco · 位置为近似值
这些是发现化石的地点，而不是该动物生活的全部范围。
生态系统
生活于： Kem Kem and Bahariya
100.5–93.9 百万年前 · 河流水系, 三角洲, 沿海平原, 沼泽 / 湿地
Cenomanian river systems and deltas along the northern edge of Africa, rich in large fish and crocodyliforms and remarkable for having several giant predatory theropods at once, with comparatively few herbivores preserved.
分类
- 演化支Dinosauria
- 演化支Saurischia
- 演化支Theropoda
- 演化支Tetanurae
- 总科Megalosauroidea
- 科Spinosauridae
- 亚科Spinosaurinae
- 属Spinosaurus
- 种Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
分类地位： 有效
化石记录
| 编号 | 类型 | 收藏机构 | 发现年份 |
|---|---|---|---|
| BSPG 1912 VIII 19 | 正模标本 | Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (BSPG) | 1912 |
| FSAC-KK 11888 | 新模标本 | Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Université Hassan II (FSAC) | — |
| MSNM V4047 | 归入标本 | Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano (MSNM) | — |
已发现的部分
正模标本: BSPG 1912 VIII 19
- 保存
- 部分保存
- 复原
- 未知 / 未记录
正模标本: BSPG 1912 VIII 19
按部位查看（表格）
| 部位 | 状态 |
|---|---|
| Skull | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Mandible | 部分保存 · Dentary fragments. |
| Teeth | 部分保存 |
| Cervical vertebrae | 部分保存 |
| Dorsal vertebrae | 部分保存 · With the tall neural spines of the sail. |
| Sacrum | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Caudal vertebrae | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Ribs | 部分保存 |
| Gastralia | 部分保存 |
| Scapula / shoulder girdle | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Humerus | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Forearm (radius / ulna) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Hand (manus) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Pelvis | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Femur | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Tibia / fibula | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Foot (pes) | 未知 / 未记录 |
新模标本: FSAC-KK 11888
按部位查看（表格）
| 部位 | 状态 |
|---|---|
| Skull | 部分保存 |
| Mandible | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Teeth | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Cervical vertebrae | 部分保存 |
| Dorsal vertebrae | 部分保存 |
| Sacrum | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Caudal vertebrae | 保存 · The paddle-like tail described in 2020. |
| Ribs | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Gastralia | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Scapula / shoulder girdle | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Humerus | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Forearm (radius / ulna) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Hand (manus) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Pelvis | 部分保存 |
| Femur | 保存 |
| Tibia / fibula | 部分保存 |
| Foot (pes) | 部分保存 |
归入标本: MSNM V4047
按部位查看（表格）
| 部位 | 状态 |
|---|---|
| Skull | 部分保存 · Snout (premaxillae and maxillae). |
| Mandible | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Teeth | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Cervical vertebrae | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Dorsal vertebrae | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Sacrum | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Caudal vertebrae | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Ribs | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Gastralia | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Scapula / shoulder girdle | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Humerus | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Forearm (radius / ulna) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Hand (manus) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Pelvis | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Femur | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Tibia / fibula | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Foot (pes) | 未知 / 未记录 |
发现
- 命名年份
- 1915
- 命名者
- Ernst Stromer
- 模式标本
- BSPG 1912 VIII 19 (holotype, destroyed 1944); FSAC-KK 11888 (neotype, Ibrahim et al. 2014)
发现时间线
1912 · 首次发现材料
Markgraf collects the Spinosaurus holotype at Bahariya
Richard Markgraf, working for Ernst Stromer, collects bones at Bahariya Oasis, Egypt.
人物：Richard Markgraf
1915 · 正式命名
Stromer names Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
Stromer describes the holotype and names the genus for its tall spines.
人物：Ernst Stromer
1944 · 修订
Spinosaurus holotype destroyed in the bombing of Munich
An Allied bombing raid destroys the Bavarian State Collection building and the holotype with it.
2005 · 重要研究
Dal Sasso et al. describe a giant Spinosaurus snout
A snout from Morocco suggests a very long skull and a large body size.
人物：Cristiano Dal Sasso
2014 · 修订
Neotype designated for Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
Ibrahim et al. describe a partial skeleton from the Kem Kem beds, propose it as neotype, and argue for a semiaquatic lifestyle.
人物：Nizar Ibrahim
2020 · 重要研究
The tail of Spinosaurus described
A nearly complete fin-like tail is described as a swimming organ.
人物：Nizar Ibrahim
《侏罗纪公园》与《侏罗纪世界》中的形象
电影
- 侏罗纪公园3 (2001)
- 侏罗纪世界：重生 (2025)
此内容目前仅提供英文版。
银幕形象
Jurassic Park III's sail-backed villain, a two-legged giant that kills a T. rex and swims after the survivors.
电影与化石对比
- Spinosaurus and T. rex never met: they lived on different continents, tens of millions of years apart.
- Its posture and life in water are still debated: newer fossils suggest short hind legs and a paddle-like tail, while other studies see a wading shoreline hunter.
电影名称仅用于识别。DinoDex 与《侏罗纪公园》/《侏罗纪世界》系列无任何关联，也未获其认可。 所有在电影中出现的恐龙
参考文献
- (2026). Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_in_Jurassic_Park（在新标签页中打开）
- (2026). Wikipedia: Jurassic World Rebirth. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World_Rebirth（在新标签页中打开）
- Cohen, K. M., Harper, D. A. T., Gibbard, P. L. & Car, N. (2023). International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2023/09). International Commission on Stratigraphy. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf（在新标签页中打开）
- Dal Sasso, C., Maganuco, S., Buffetaut, E. & Mendez, M. A. (2005). New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on its size and affinities. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(4): 888-896. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2（在新标签页中打开）
- Hone, D. W. E. & Holtz, T. R. (2021). Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?. Palaeontologia Electronica 24(1): a03. doi:10.26879/1110（在新标签页中打开）
- Ibrahim, N., Maganuco, S., Dal Sasso, C., et al. (2020). Tail-propelled aquatic locomotion in a theropod dinosaur. Nature 581: 67-70. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2190-3（在新标签页中打开）
- Ibrahim, N., Sereno, P. C., Dal Sasso, C., Maganuco, S., Fabbri, M., Martill, D. M., Zouhri, S., Myhrvold, N. & Iurino, D. A. (2014). Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur. Science 345(6204): 1613-1616. doi:10.1126/science.1258750（在新标签页中打开）
- Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd edition). Princeton University Press.
- Sereno, P. C., Myhrvold, N., Henderson, D. M., et al. (2022). Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur. eLife 11: e80092. doi:10.7554/eLife.80092（在新标签页中打开）
- Stromer, E. (1915). Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec.. Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse 28(3): 1-32.