Allosaurus fragilis
读音： AL-oh-SORE-us FRAJ-ih-lis
Tetanurae · Allosauridae
The commonest large predator of the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States, an allosauroid theropod known from hundreds of individuals, many from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in Utah.
- Bipedal
- Apex predator
- Movie icon
- Possible pack behavior
- 时代
- 侏罗纪· 钦莫利阶
- 食性
- 肉食性
- 体长
- 8.5 m
- 体重
- 1,500–1,700 kg
- 地点
- Colorado, Utah, United States
快速问答
- Allosaurus fragilis有多大？
- Allosaurus fragilis体长约8.5 m。髋部高约1.9–2.4 m。体重约1.5–1.7 t。 (Paul 2010; Paul 2016)
- Allosaurus fragilis生活在什么时候？
- Allosaurus fragilis生活在晚侏罗世，约1.548亿至1.45亿年前。 (Cohen et al. 2023; Chure & Loewen 2020)
- 在哪里发现过Allosaurus fragilis的化石？
- Allosaurus fragilis的化石发现于Morrison Formation (Colorado)和United States。 (Marsh 1877; Madsen 1976)
- Allosaurus fragilis吃什么？
- Allosaurus fragilis是肉食性。 (Marsh 1877; Madsen 1976)
- Allosaurus fragilis由谁命名，何时命名？
- Allosaurus fragilis由Othniel Charles Marsh于1877年描述。 (Marsh 1877)
- Allosaurus fragilis出现在《侏罗纪公园》里吗？
- 是的。Allosaurus fragilis出现在《侏罗纪世界2》 (2018)和《侏罗纪世界3》 (2022)中。电影有不少虚构成分；本页将其与化石证据进行了对比。 (Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park 2026; Madsen 1976)
本页内容
AL-oh-SORE-us FRAJ-ih-lis
- 时代
- 侏罗纪154.8–145 Ma
- 食性
- 肉食性
- 体长
- 8.5 m
- 体重
- 1.5–1.7 t
- 产地
- United States
- 分类
- Tetanurae · Allosauridae
- 命名
- 1877, Othniel Charles Marsh
概览
此内容目前仅提供英文版。
Allosaurus fragilis lived in western North America in the Late Jurassic, alongside Stegosaurus and giant sauropods such as Brachiosaurus. O. C. Marsh named it in 1877 from partial remains (YPM 1930) from Garden Park, Colorado, during the "Bone Wars".
It was a large, bipedal predator with a long, narrow skull, a pair of small horns in front of the eyes, three-fingered arms with large claws and serrated, blade-like teeth. The Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in Utah has yielded bones of dozens of individuals, which James Madsen used for his 1976 monograph, still the standard description of the species.
Not every Morrison Allosaurus belongs to A. fragilis. Chure and Loewen (2020) named A. jimmadseni from the lower part of the formation, including the well-known specimen "Big Al" (MOR 693), which older size estimates used as a stand-in for A. fragilis.
名称含义
From Greek allos ("different, other") and sauros ("lizard"), for its unusual vertebrae; Latin fragilis ("fragile") refers to the lightly built vertebrae (Marsh 1877).
生物学与证据
科学家对这种动物生活方式的看法，以及每种观点的证据有多充分。
进食
Allosaurus attacked with an open-mouthed strike, using its upper teeth like a hatchet.
证据等级：假说Its skull could withstand strong impacts though its bite was relatively weak, which led to the idea that it slammed its upper jaw into prey. This is an interpretation of a model, not an observed behaviour.
支持 / 反对证据 · 1
支持证据
生物力学模型 · Allosaurus skull finite-element model
A finite-element model of the Allosaurus skull finds it strong under impact but with a modest bite muscle force.
伤病
Allosaurus often survived serious injuries and infections.
证据等级：有力证据Healed fractures and infected bones are common in Allosaurus skeletons, including a young animal with injuries to many bones.
支持 / 反对证据 · 1
支持证据
标本 · Injuries and infections in Allosaurus skeletons
Many Allosaurus bones, including a sub-adult with 19 injured or infected bones, show a hard, injury-prone life.
行为
Allosaurus preyed on or fought Stegosaurus.
证据等级：有力证据An Allosaurus bone was wounded by a Stegosaurus spike and healed, direct proof of a violent encounter between the two.
支持 / 反对证据 · 1
支持证据
标本 · Allosaurus vertebra pierced by a Stegosaurus spike
An Allosaurus tail vertebra with a healed puncture matching the size and shape of a Stegosaurus tail spike.
社会生活
Allosaurus lived and hunted in groups.
证据等级：有争议Many Allosaurus were found together at Cleveland-Lloyd, but the site is read as a trap or a drought gathering. Mass death does not show group living.
支持 / 反对证据 · 1
反对证据
其他 · Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry taphonomy
Tens of Allosaurus individuals mixed in one quarry, interpreted variously as a predator trap, a drought assemblage or a slow build-up.
体型
- 体长
- 8.5 m
- 身高
- 2.1 m文献范围 1.9–2.4 m
- 体重
- 1,500–1,700 kg
（27.9 英尺）
（6.9 英尺）
依据 AMNH 5753 / USNM 4734 (femur c. 0.85 m)
依据 MOR 693 "Big Al" (volumetric model); general adult (Paul 2010)
时间线
时代： 钦莫利阶 (154.8–149.2 Ma), 提塘阶 (149.2–145 Ma), 晚侏罗世 (161.5–145 Ma)
Ages are the ICS 2023/09 bounds of the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian, the stage(s) the fossils are assigned to; they bracket the record and are not dated first/last appearances. Chure & Loewen (2020) restrict A. fragilis to the upper part of the Morrison Formation, so the real range is narrower.
产地
地层
- Morrison Formation · Colorado
- Garden Park, near Cañon City, Colorado · Morrison Formation · Colorado · 位置为近似值
这些是发现化石的地点，而不是该动物生活的全部范围。
生态系统
生活于： Morrison
156–147 百万年前 · 泛滥平原, 河流水系, 疏林, 湖泊
A vast, seasonally dry floodplain crossed by rivers in the western interior of North America in the Late Jurassic, with a wet and a dry season, conifer and fern vegetation along the water and giant sauropods in abundance.
分类
- 演化支Dinosauria
- 演化支Saurischia
- 演化支Theropoda
- 演化支Tetanurae
- 总科Allosauroidea
- 科Allosauridae
- 属Allosaurus
- 种Allosaurus fragilis
分类地位： 有效
化石记录
| 编号 | 类型 | 收藏机构 | 发现年份 |
|---|---|---|---|
| YPM 1930 | 正模标本 | Yale Peabody Museum (YPM) | 1877 |
| USNM 4734 | 归入标本 | National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM) | 1883 |
已发现的部分
正模标本: YPM 1930
- 保存
- 部分保存
- 复原
- 未知 / 未记录
正模标本: YPM 1930
按部位查看（表格）
| 部位 | 状态 |
|---|---|
| Skull | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Mandible | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Teeth | 部分保存 |
| Cervical vertebrae | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Dorsal vertebrae | 部分保存 |
| Sacrum | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Caudal vertebrae | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Ribs | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Gastralia | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Scapula / shoulder girdle | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Humerus | 部分保存 |
| Forearm (radius / ulna) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Hand (manus) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Pelvis | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Femur | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Tibia / fibula | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Foot (pes) | 未知 / 未记录 |
归入标本: USNM 4734
按部位查看（表格）
| 部位 | 状态 |
|---|---|
| Skull | 保存 |
| Mandible | 保存 |
| Teeth | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Cervical vertebrae | 保存 |
| Dorsal vertebrae | 保存 |
| Sacrum | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Caudal vertebrae | 部分保存 |
| Ribs | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Gastralia | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Scapula / shoulder girdle | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Humerus | 保存 |
| Forearm (radius / ulna) | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Hand (manus) | 保存 |
| Pelvis | 保存 |
| Femur | 保存 |
| Tibia / fibula | 未知 / 未记录 |
| Foot (pes) | 保存 |
图库
发现
- 命名年份
- 1877
- 命名者
- Othniel Charles Marsh
- 模式标本
- YPM 1930
发现时间线
1877 · 正式命名
Marsh names Allosaurus fragilis
O. C. Marsh names the genus from partial remains from Garden Park, Colorado.
人物：Othniel Charles Marsh
1883 · 标本出土
Felch collects a complete Allosaurus at Garden Park
Marshall Felch collects the skeleton later described by Gilmore (1920).
人物：Marshall P. Felch
1976 · 重要研究
Madsen publishes the Allosaurus osteology
James Madsen describes Allosaurus from the thousands of bones of the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry.
人物：James H. Madsen Jr.
2020 · 修订
Allosaurus jimmadseni split from A. fragilis
Chure and Loewen name a second species from the lower Morrison Formation.
人物：Daniel J. Chure
《侏罗纪公园》与《侏罗纪世界》中的形象
电影
- 侏罗纪世界2 (2018)
- 侏罗纪世界3 (2022)
此内容目前仅提供英文版。
银幕形象
A large predator sharing the screen with Cretaceous animals in Fallen Kingdom and Dominion.
电影与化石对比
- Allosaurus lived in the Late Jurassic, tens of millions of years before T. rex; the films mix animals from different eras.
- It really did clash with Stegosaurus: a spike wound in an Allosaurus tail bone shows it.
电影名称仅用于识别。DinoDex 与《侏罗纪公园》/《侏罗纪世界》系列无任何关联，也未获其认可。 所有在电影中出现的恐龙
参考文献
- (2026). Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_in_Jurassic_Park（在新标签页中打开）
- Bates, K. T., Manning, P. L., Hodgetts, D. & Sellers, W. I. (2009). Estimating mass properties of dinosaurs using laser imaging and 3D computer modelling. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4532. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004532（在新标签页中打开）
- Carpenter, K., Sanders, F., McWhinney, L. A. & Wood, L. (2005). Evidence for predator-prey relationships: examples for Allosaurus and Stegosaurus. In Carpenter, K. (ed.), The Carnivorous Dinosaurs, Indiana University Press, pp. 325-350.
- Chure, D. J. & Loewen, M. A. (2020). Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America. PeerJ 8: e7803. doi:10.7717/peerj.7803（在新标签页中打开）
- Cohen, K. M., Harper, D. A. T., Gibbard, P. L. & Car, N. (2023). International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2023/09). International Commission on Stratigraphy. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf（在新标签页中打开）
- Madsen, J. H., Jr. (1976). Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 109: 1-163.
- Marsh, O. C. (1877). Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science (series 3) 14: 514-516.
- Paul, G. S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press.
- Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd edition). Princeton University Press.