DinoDex
Pale bipedal dinosaur with a thick domed skull ringed by small knobs
Reconstruction of Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis based on the 'Sandy' specimen.图片来源：Fred Wierum, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsCC BY 4.0来源（在新标签页中打开）

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis

读音： PAK-ee-SEF-ah-loh-SORE-us wye-oh-ming-EN-sis

Pachycephalosauria · Pachycephalosauridae

A dome-headed dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of western North America, a neighbour of T. rex. Its skull roof was a thick dome of solid bone; injuries on many domes suggest that pachycephalosaurs butted heads.

  • Bipedal
  • Unusual anatomy
对比
时代
白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶
食性
植食性
体长
4.5 m
体重
370–450 kg
地点
Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, United States

快速问答

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis有多大？
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis体长约4.5 m。髋部高约1.2–1.6 m。体重约370–450 kg。 (Wikipedia: Pachycephalosaurus 2026; Paul 2016)
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis生活在什么时候？
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis生活在晚白垩世，约7210万至6600万年前。 (Paleobiology Database: Pachycephalosaurus occ… 2026; Cohen et al. 2023)
在哪里发现过Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis的化石？
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis的化石发现于Hell Creek Formation (Montana)、Lance Formation (Wyoming)和United States。 (Gilmore 1931; Brown & Schlaikjer 1943)
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis吃什么？
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis是植食性。 (Gilmore 1931; Brown & Schlaikjer 1943)
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis由谁命名，何时命名？
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis由Charles W. Gilmore于1931年描述。 (Gilmore 1931; Paleobiology Database: Pachycephalosaurus occ… 2026)
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis出现在《侏罗纪公园》里吗？
是的。Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis出现在《失落的世界：侏罗纪公园》 (1997)中。电影有不少虚构成分；本页将其与化石证据进行了对比。 (Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park 2026; Peterson et al. 2013)

本页内容

时代
白垩纪72.1–66 Ma
食性
植食性
体长
4.5 m
体重
0.4–0.5 t
产地
United States
分类
Pachycephalosauria · Pachycephalosauridae
命名
1931, Charles W. Gilmore

概览

此内容目前仅提供英文版。

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis lived in western North America at the end of the Cretaceous, in the Hell Creek and Lance formations. Charles Gilmore named the species in 1931 as Troodon wyomingensis, from a skull dome found in Niobrara County, Wyoming; Barnum Brown and Erich Schlaikjer created the genus Pachycephalosaurus in 1943.

It is known mostly from skulls. The skull roof formed a high dome of dense bone, ringed with bony knobs and spikes. Jack Horner and Mark Goodwin (2009) argued that the flat-headed, spiky "Dracorex" and "Stygimoloch" are younger growth stages of Pachycephalosaurus, whose dome inflated and spikes shrank as it grew.

How the dome was used is debated. A survey of 109 pachycephalosaurid skulls found healed lesions on 22% of the domes, clustered at the top, which fits head-to-head butting (Peterson et al. 2013). Flat-headed individuals had no such injuries.

名称含义

"Thick-headed lizard", from Greek pachys ("thick"), kephalē ("head") and sauros ("lizard") (Brown & Schlaikjer 1943); wyomingensis for Wyoming (Gilmore 1931).

生物学与证据

科学家对这种动物生活方式的看法，以及每种观点的证据有多充分。

生长

  • Dracorex and Stygimoloch are young Pachycephalosaurus.

    证据等级：中等证据

    Their skulls show immature features and fit a growth series in which the dome inflates and the spikes shrink. The idea is widely followed but not universally accepted.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 比较解剖学 · Pachycephalosaurus cranial growth series

      CT and histology of "Dracorex" and "Stygimoloch" skulls show open sutures and juvenile tissue; their spikes and flat heads match early stages of Pachycephalosaurus skulls such as AMNH 1696.

      标本： AMNH 1696

行为

  • Pachycephalosaurus used its dome to butt heads.

    证据等级：中等证据

    Healed injuries on about a fifth of domes, concentrated at the top, fit head-to-head impacts as in some living hoofed mammals. The dome may also have served for display.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 标本 · Pachycephalosaurid dome lesion survey

      Of 109 pachycephalosaurid domes, 24 (22%) from at least 9 species have lesions consistent with healed trauma and infection, clustered near the top of the dome; flat-headed specimens have none.

其他

  • The Pachycephalosaurus dome was made of dense bone.

    证据等级：直接证据

    Thin sections of an adult dome show solid, dense bone tissue.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 组织学 · Pachycephalosaurus dome histology

      Sections of an adult dome show dense metaplastic bone with fibrous, acellular tissue.

Three skulls at the Museum of the Rockies illustrating the proposed growth series of Pachycephalosaurus, including the 'Dracorex' skull interpreted as a juvenile.图片来源：Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing), Museum of the RockiesCC BY-SA 2.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）

体型

体长
4.5 m

（14.8 英尺）

身高
1.4 m文献范围 1.2–1.6 m

（4.6 英尺）

体重
370–450 kg
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis 体长约 4.5 米（14.8 英尺），约为身高 1.8 米的成年人的 2.5 倍。

时间线

生活在约 72.1 至 66 百万年前（Ma），属于中生代（252–66 Ma）。

时代： 马斯特里赫特阶 (72.1–66 Ma), 晚白垩世 (100.5–66 Ma)

Maastrichtian bounds of the last-appearance interval in PBDB. PBDB also lists a single Campanian occurrence from Alberta (first appearance 83.6 Ma), left out here as doubtful.

产地

地层

地图数据：Natural Earth（公有领域）。显示的是现代位置，而非当时大陆的位置。

这些是发现化石的地点，而不是该动物生活的全部范围。

生态系统

Hell Creek Formation scene with Dakotaraptor, Edmontosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus and Tyrannosaurus.图片来源：ABelov2014, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsCC BY 3.0来源（在新标签页中打开）

生活于： Hell Creek

68–66 百万年前 · 泛滥平原, 河流水系, 森林, 沿海平原

Warm, humid coastal lowlands and river floodplains west of the retreating Western Interior Seaway at the very end of the Cretaceous, with forests of conifers and flowering plants. The ecosystem ends at the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

同一生态系统

Tyrannosaurus rex

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶肉食性

同一生态系统

Triceratops horridus

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Ankylosaurus magniventris

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Edmontosaurus annectens

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

分类

  1. 演化支Dinosauria
  2. 演化支Ornithischia
  3. 演化支Pachycephalosauria
  4. 科Pachycephalosauridae
  5. 属Pachycephalosaurus
  6. 种Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis

分类地位： 有效

化石记录

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis skull AMNH 1696, collected in 1940 near Ekalaka, Montana, at the American Museum of Natural History.图片来源：Skye McDavid, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing), American Museum of Natural HistoryCC BY-SA 4.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）
标本
编号类型收藏机构发现年份
USNM 12031正模标本National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM)—
AMNH 1696归入标本American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)—

已发现的部分

正模标本: USNM 12031

  • 保存
  • 部分保存
  • 复原
  • 未知 / 未记录

正模标本: USNM 12031

按部位查看（表格）
正模标本: USNM 12031 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull部分保存 · Frontoparietal dome.
Mandible未知 / 未记录
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis未知 / 未记录
Femur未知 / 未记录
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录

归入标本: AMNH 1696

按部位查看（表格）
归入标本: AMNH 1696 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull保存
Mandible未知 / 未记录
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis未知 / 未记录
Femur未知 / 未记录
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录

全部标本

发现

命名年份
1931
命名者
Charles W. Gilmore
模式标本
USNM 12031

发现时间线

  1. 1931 · 正式命名

    Gilmore names Troodon wyomingensis

    Gilmore describes a thick skull dome from the Lance Formation of Wyoming as a new species of Troodon.

    人物：Charles W. Gilmore

  2. 1943 · 更名

    Brown and Schlaikjer name Pachycephalosaurus

    A study of dome-headed dinosaurs creates the genus Pachycephalosaurus and moves wyomingensis into it.

    人物：Barnum Brown, Erich M. Schlaikjer

  3. 2009 · 重要研究

    Horner and Goodwin link Dracorex and Stygimoloch to Pachycephalosaurus

    Histology and CT scans are used to build a growth series.

    人物：John R. Horner, Mark B. Goodwin

  4. 2013 · 重要研究

    Survey of dome injuries in pachycephalosaurs

    Peterson, Dischler and Longrich count lesions on 109 domes.

    人物：Joseph E. Peterson

《侏罗纪公园》与《侏罗纪世界》中的形象

电影

  • 失落的世界：侏罗纪公园 (1997)

此内容目前仅提供英文版。

银幕形象

Rams a hunters' vehicle with its domed skull in The Lost World.

电影与化石对比

  • The film animal is about half the length of the real one.
  • Whether the dome was used for ramming is debated; injuries on domes support some head-to-head combat.

电影名称仅用于识别。DinoDex 与《侏罗纪公园》/《侏罗纪世界》系列无任何关联，也未获其认可。 所有在电影中出现的恐龙

参考文献

  1. (2026). Paleobiology Database: Pachycephalosaurus occurrences. The Paleobiology Database (paleobiodb.org), data service 1.2, accessed 2026-09-23. https://paleobiodb.org/data1.2/occs/list.txt?base_name=Pachycephalosaurus&show=coords,paleoloc,strat,loc,ref&pgm=gplates（在新标签页中打开）
  2. (2026). Wikipedia: Pachycephalosaurus. Wikipedia (English), accessed 2026-09-23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycephalosaurus（在新标签页中打开）
  3. (2026). Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_in_Jurassic_Park（在新标签页中打开）
  4. Brown, B. & Schlaikjer, E. M. (1943). A study of the troödont dinosaurs with the description of a new genus and four new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 82(5): 115-150.
  5. Cohen, K. M., Harper, D. A. T., Gibbard, P. L. & Car, N. (2023). International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2023/09). International Commission on Stratigraphy. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf（在新标签页中打开）
  6. Gilmore, C. W. (1931). A new species of troödont dinosaur from the Lance formation of Wyoming. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 79(9): 1-6. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.79-2875.1（在新标签页中打开）
  7. Horner, J. R. & Goodwin, M. B. (2009). Extreme cranial ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus. PLoS ONE 4: e7626. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007626（在新标签页中打开）
  8. Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd edition). Princeton University Press.
  9. Peterson, J. E., Dischler, C. & Longrich, N. R. (2013). Distributions of cranial pathologies provide evidence for head-butting in dome-headed dinosaurs (Pachycephalosauridae). PLoS ONE 8: e68620. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068620（在新标签页中打开）