DinoDex
Large grey tyrannosaur with lipped jaws and tiny two-fingered arms, walking in side view
Life reconstruction of Tyrannosaurus rex, based on specimen TMP 1981.006.0001 ('Black Beauty').图片来源：Connor Ashbridge, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsCC BY 4.0来源（在新标签页中打开）

Tyrannosaurus rex

读音： tie-RAN-oh-SORE-us REKS

Coelurosauria · Tyrannosauridae

A giant tyrannosaurid theropod from the very end of the Cretaceous in western North America, and one of the largest land predators known. Adults probably weighed around 6 to 8 tonnes.

  • Bipedal
  • Giant
  • Apex predator
  • Famous specimen
  • Movie icon
  • Skin impressions known
对比
时代
白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶
食性
肉食性
体长
12.3 m文献范围 12.3–13 m
体重
6,000–9,500 kg
地点
Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, Wyoming, Alberta, Saskatchewan

快速问答

Tyrannosaurus rex有多大？
Tyrannosaurus rex体长约12.3–13 m。髋部高约3.6–4 m。体重约6–9.5 t。 (Brochu 2003; Persons et al. 2020)
Tyrannosaurus rex生活在什么时候？
Tyrannosaurus rex生活在晚白垩世，约6800万至6600万年前。 (Cohen et al. 2023; Fowler 2017)
在哪里发现过Tyrannosaurus rex的化石？
Tyrannosaurus rex的化石发现于Hell Creek Formation (Montana)、Lance Formation (Wyoming)、Scollard Formation (Alberta)、Frenchman Formation (Saskatchewan)、South Dakota和North Dakota。 (Osborn 1905; Brochu 2003)
Tyrannosaurus rex吃什么？
Tyrannosaurus rex是肉食性。 (Osborn 1905; Brochu 2003)
Tyrannosaurus rex由谁命名，何时命名？
Tyrannosaurus rex由Henry Fairfield Osborn于1905年描述。 (Osborn 1905)
Tyrannosaurus rex出现在《侏罗纪公园》里吗？
是的。Tyrannosaurus rex出现在《侏罗纪公园》 (1993)、《失落的世界：侏罗纪公园》 (1997)、《侏罗纪公园3》 (2001)、《侏罗纪世界》 (2015)、《侏罗纪世界2》 (2018)、《侏罗纪世界3》 (2022)和《侏罗纪世界：重生》 (2025)中。电影有不少虚构成分；本页将其与化石证据进行了对比。 (Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park 2026; Stevens 2006)

本页内容

tie-RAN-oh-SORE-us REKS

时代
白垩纪68–66 Ma
食性
肉食性
体长
12.3 m
体重
6–9.5 t
分类
Coelurosauria · Tyrannosauridae
命名
1905, Henry Fairfield Osborn

概览

此内容目前仅提供英文版。

Tyrannosaurus rex lived in western North America during the Maastrichtian, the last age of the Cretaceous, and its fossils come from rock units such as the Hell Creek, Lance, Scollard and Frenchman formations. It was named by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1905.

It is known from many specimens, including nearly complete skeletons such as FMNH PR 2081 ("Sue") and RSM P2523.8 ("Scotty"). Computer models of mounted skeletons put typical adults at roughly 6 to 8 tonnes, with the largest individuals likely heavier.

Estimates of size vary between studies and between individuals. The figures on this page are given as ranges, each with the study it comes from.

名称含义

From Greek tyrannos ("tyrant") and sauros ("lizard"), with Latin rex ("king"): "tyrant lizard king" (Osborn 1905).

生物学与证据

科学家对这种动物生活方式的看法，以及每种观点的证据有多充分。

运动方式

  • An adult Tyrannosaurus rex could walk fast but could not truly run.

    证据等级：中等证据

    To run, an animal needs enough leg muscle and bones strong enough for the impact. Models of a 6-9 tonne adult say T. rex had neither for a real run, so estimated top speeds are those of a brisk walk. Juveniles, being lighter, were probably faster.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 生物力学模型 · T. rex limb muscle models limit running speed

      Models of leg muscle mass needed for fast running (Hutchinson & Garcia 2002) and multibody simulations with bone-stress limits (Sellers et al. 2017) both find that a large adult could not run fast.

进食

  • Tyrannosaurus rex had one of the strongest bites of any land animal and could crush and eat bone.

    证据等级：有力证据

    Three kinds of evidence agree: bitten bones with deep punctures, droppings full of crushed bone, and computer models of the jaw muscles. Together they show a bite strong enough to shatter bone, unusual among dinosaurs.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 3
    支持证据

    • 遗迹化石 · Tooth-marked Triceratops and Edmontosaurus bones

      Deep punctures and drag marks attributed to T. rex teeth on a Triceratops pelvis, used to estimate bite force experimentally.

    • 遗迹化石 · Bone-filled tyrannosaur coprolite (Saskatchewan)

      A large coprolite full of crushed bone fragments of a juvenile dinosaur, attributed to T. rex by size and age.

    • 生物力学模型 · Bite force simulations for T. rex

      Muscle reconstruction and multibody dynamics giving bite forces in the tens of kilonewtons at the back teeth.

皮肤与体表覆盖

  • Adult Tyrannosaurus rex had mostly scaly skin; if it had feathers, they were limited.

    证据等级：中等证据

    The only T. rex skin found is scaly, and covers small patches from the neck, hips and tail. Its relative Yutyrannus had long feathers, so feathers on the back of T. rex cannot be ruled out, but a fluffy adult T. rex is not supported.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 2
    支持证据

    • 皮肤印痕 · Scaly skin patches of a T. rex (HMNS / Wyrex)

      Small patches of scaly skin from the neck, pelvis and tail of a T. rex, with no trace of feathers.

    反对证据

    • 羽毛印痕 · Feathered giant tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus

      Long filamentous feathers preserved on a 9 m Early Cretaceous tyrannosauroid from China, showing large tyrannosauroids could be feathered.

生长

  • Tyrannosaurus rex grew very fast as a teenager and reached adult size at around 20 years old.

    证据等级：有力证据

    Bones grow in yearly layers, like tree rings. Counting them in T. rex bones shows a growth spurt in the teens, when an individual could gain hundreds of kilograms a year, then a slowdown near 20. Sue is estimated to have died in her late twenties.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 组织学 · Tyrannosaurid bone histology growth curves

      Growth lines counted in thin sections of long bones and ribs of several T. rex individuals, including Sue, fitted to a growth curve with a steep adolescent phase.

      标本： FMNH PR 2081 “Sue”

Tooth marks made by Tyrannosaurus rex on bones of hadrosaurids and a ceratopsid (Longrich et al. 2010).图片来源：Nicholas R. Longrich, John R. Horner, Gregory M. Erickson, Philip J. Currie, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia CommonsCC BY 2.5来源（在新标签页中打开）

体型

体长
12.3 m文献范围 12.3–13 m

（40.4 英尺）

依据 FMNH PR 2081 "Sue"

身高
3.9 m文献范围 3.6–4 m

（12.8 英尺）

依据 FMNH PR 2081 "Sue" and other large adults

体重
6,000–9,500 kg

依据 FMNH PR 2081 "Sue" (largest of five mounted skeletons modelled)

Tyrannosaurus rex 体长约 12.3 米（40.4 英尺），约为身高 1.8 米的成年人的 6.8 倍。

时间线

生活在约 68 至 66 百万年前（Ma），属于中生代（252–66 Ma）。

时代： 马斯特里赫特阶 (72.1–66 Ma), 晚白垩世 (100.5–66 Ma)

endAgeMa 66.0 = end of the Maastrichtian (ICS 2023/09). startAgeMa left empty: no primary source verified for the first appearance.

产地

地层

地图数据：Natural Earth（公有领域）。显示的是现代位置，而非当时大陆的位置。

这些是发现化石的地点，而不是该动物生活的全部范围。

生态系统

Hell Creek Formation scene with Dakotaraptor, Edmontosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus and Tyrannosaurus.图片来源：ABelov2014, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsCC BY 3.0来源（在新标签页中打开）

生活于： Hell Creek

68–66 百万年前 · 泛滥平原, 河流水系, 森林, 沿海平原

Warm, humid coastal lowlands and river floodplains west of the retreating Western Interior Seaway at the very end of the Cretaceous, with forests of conifers and flowering plants. The ecosystem ends at the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

同一生态系统

Triceratops horridus

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Ankylosaurus magniventris

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Edmontosaurus annectens

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

分类

  1. 演化支Dinosauria
  2. 演化支Saurischia
  3. 演化支Theropoda
  4. 演化支Coelurosauria
  5. 总科Tyrannosauroidea
  6. 科Tyrannosauridae
  7. 亚科Tyrannosaurinae
  8. 属Tyrannosaurus
  9. 种Tyrannosaurus rex

分类地位： 有效

化石记录

SUE (FMNH PR 2081) mounted at the Field Museum, Chicago, with the real fossil bones highlighted in green; the real skull is displayed separately.图片来源：Evolutionnumber9, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing), Field Museum of Natural HistoryCC BY-SA 4.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）
标本
编号类型收藏机构发现年份
CM 9380正模标本Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CM)1902
FMNH PR 2081 “Sue”归入标本Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH)1990
BHI 3033 “Stan”归入标本Black Hills Institute of Geological Research (BHI)1987
RSKM P2523.8 “Scotty”归入标本Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSKM)1991

已发现的部分

正模标本: CM 9380

  • 保存
  • 部分保存
  • 复原
  • 未知 / 未记录

正模标本: CM 9380

按部位查看（表格）
正模标本: CM 9380 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull部分保存
Mandible部分保存
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae部分保存
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录 · Not reliably known for the holotype.
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis部分保存
Femur保存
Tibia / fibula部分保存
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录

归入标本: FMNH PR 2081 “Sue”

按部位查看（表格）
归入标本: FMNH PR 2081 “Sue” 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull保存
Mandible保存
Teeth保存
Cervical vertebrae保存
Dorsal vertebrae保存
Sacrum保存
Caudal vertebrae部分保存
Ribs保存
Gastralia保存
Scapula / shoulder girdle保存
Humerus保存
Forearm (radius / ulna)保存
Hand (manus)部分保存
Pelvis保存
Femur保存
Tibia / fibula保存
Foot (pes)部分保存

归入标本: BHI 3033 “Stan”

按部位查看（表格）
归入标本: BHI 3033 “Stan” 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull保存 · One of the best-preserved T. rex skulls.
Mandible保存
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae部分保存
Dorsal vertebrae部分保存
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis部分保存
Femur部分保存
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录

归入标本: RSKM P2523.8 “Scotty”

按部位查看（表格）
归入标本: RSKM P2523.8 “Scotty” 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull部分保存
Mandible未知 / 未记录
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae部分保存
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis部分保存
Femur保存
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录
Skeletal reconstruction of Tyrannosaurus rex FMNH PR 2081 (SUE) in side and top view (Persons et al. 2019).图片来源：Scott A. Hartman, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsCC BY 4.0来源（在新标签页中打开）

图库

Historical reconstruction: the upright, tail-dragging Tyrannosaurus skeleton model from the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (1913).图片来源：Henry Fairfield Osborn and Barnum Brown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons公有领域

全部标本

发现

命名年份
1905
命名者
Henry Fairfield Osborn
模式标本
CM 9380 (holotype; originally AMNH 973)

发现时间线

  1. 1902 · 首次发现材料

    Barnum Brown finds the Tyrannosaurus holotype

    Barnum Brown excavates a partial skeleton in the Hell Creek badlands of Montana for the American Museum.

    人物：Barnum Brown

  2. 1905 · 正式命名

    Osborn names Tyrannosaurus rex (and Dynamosaurus imperiosus)

    In the same paper Osborn also names Dynamosaurus imperiosus from another skeleton; he synonymized it with T. rex a year later.

    人物：Henry Fairfield Osborn

  3. 1941 · 修订

    Holotype sold to the Carnegie Museum

    The AMNH sells the type specimen to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, reportedly to keep it safe from wartime bombing.

  4. 1990 · 标本出土

    Sue found by Sue Hendrickson

    The largest and most complete T. rex known at the time is found near Faith, South Dakota.

    人物：Sue Hendrickson

  5. 2003 · 重要研究

    Brochu publishes the osteology of Sue

    The first full monograph of a nearly complete T. rex skeleton, with CT scans of the skull.

  6. 2020 · 重要研究

    Scotty described as the largest known T. rex

    Persons, Currie and Erickson describe Scotty as an old adult with an estimated mass above that of Sue.

《侏罗纪公园》与《侏罗纪世界》中的形象

电影

  • 侏罗纪公园 (1993)
  • 失落的世界：侏罗纪公园 (1997)
  • 侏罗纪公园3 (2001)
  • 侏罗纪世界 (2015)
  • 侏罗纪世界2 (2018)
  • 侏罗纪世界3 (2022)
  • 侏罗纪世界：重生 (2025)

此内容目前仅提供英文版。

银幕形象

The franchise's signature predator: a huge, scaly, roaring hunter that appears in every film.

电影与化石对比

  • The first film suggests it cannot see prey that stands still. Skull studies point the other way: T. rex had some of the best binocular vision of any large theropod.
  • The films show it keeping pace with a speeding jeep. Biomechanical models make an adult T. rex a fast walker, not a sprinter.
  • The scaly skin is broadly consistent with the fossils: skin impressions from tyrannosaurids show scales.

电影名称仅用于识别。DinoDex 与《侏罗纪公园》/《侏罗纪世界》系列无任何关联，也未获其认可。 所有在电影中出现的恐龙

参考文献

  1. (2026). Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_in_Jurassic_Park（在新标签页中打开）
  2. (2026). Wikipedia: Jurassic World Rebirth. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World_Rebirth（在新标签页中打开）
  3. Bell, P. R., Campione, N. E., Persons, W. S., Currie, P. J., Larson, P. L., Tanke, D. H. & Bakker, R. T. (2017). Tyrannosauroid integument reveals conflicting patterns of gigantism and feather evolution. Biology Letters 13: 20170092. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0092（在新标签页中打开）
  4. Brochu, C. A. (2003). Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (sup4); Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7. doi:10.1080/02724634.2003.10010947（在新标签页中打开）
  5. Cohen, K. M., Harper, D. A. T., Gibbard, P. L. & Car, N. (2023). International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2023/09). International Commission on Stratigraphy. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf（在新标签页中打开）
  6. Fowler, D. W. (2017). Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188426（在新标签页中打开）
  7. Hutchinson, J. R. & Garcia, M. (2002). Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner. Nature 415: 1018-1021. doi:10.1038/4151018a（在新标签页中打开）
  8. Hutchinson, J. R., Bates, K. T., Molnar, J., Allen, V. & Makovicky, P. J. (2011). A computational analysis of limb and body dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with implications for locomotion, ontogeny, and growth. PLoS ONE 6(10): e26037. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037（在新标签页中打开）
  9. Osborn, H. F. (1905). Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259-265. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1464（在新标签页中打开）
  10. Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd edition). Princeton University Press.
  11. Persons, W. S., Currie, P. J. & Erickson, G. M. (2020). An older and exceptionally large adult specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex. The Anatomical Record 303(4): 656-672. doi:10.1002/ar.24118（在新标签页中打开）
  12. Sellers, W. I., Pond, S. B., Brassey, C. A., Manning, P. L. & Bates, K. T. (2017). Investigating the running abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis. PeerJ 5: e3420. doi:10.7717/peerj.3420（在新标签页中打开）
  13. Stevens, K. A. (2006). Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2.0.CO;2（在新标签页中打开）