DinoDex
Large striped duck-billed dinosaur walking on four legs in side view
Life reconstruction of Edmontosaurus, a large hadrosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of North America.图片来源：TotalDino, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing)CC BY-SA 4.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）

Edmontosaurus annectens

读音： ed-MON-toh-SORE-us ah-NEK-tenz

Ornithopoda · Hadrosauridae

A large duck-billed dinosaur from the very end of the Cretaceous in western North America, a common plant-eater of the Hell Creek and Lance formations and prey of T. rex. Several "mummies" preserve its skin.

  • Skin impressions known
  • Exceptional preservation
  • Famous specimen
对比
时代
白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶
食性
植食性
体长
12–15 m
体重
5,600–15,900 kg
地点
Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, United States, Canada

快速问答

Edmontosaurus annectens有多大？
Edmontosaurus annectens体长约12–15 m。髋部高约2.6–3.4 m。体重约5.6–15.9 t。 (Wikipedia: Edmontosaurus 2026; Paul 2016)
Edmontosaurus annectens生活在什么时候？
Edmontosaurus annectens生活在晚白垩世，约7210万至6600万年前。 (Paleobiology Database: Edmontosaurus occurrences 2026; Campione & Evans 2011)
在哪里发现过Edmontosaurus annectens的化石？
Edmontosaurus annectens的化石发现于Lance Formation (Wyoming)、Hell Creek Formation (Montana)、Frenchman Formation (Saskatchewan)、United States和Canada。 (Marsh 1892; Lambe 1917)
Edmontosaurus annectens吃什么？
Edmontosaurus annectens是植食性。 (Marsh 1892; Lambe 1917)
Edmontosaurus annectens由谁命名，何时命名？
Edmontosaurus annectens由Othniel Charles Marsh于1892年描述。 (Marsh 1892; Campione & Evans 2011)

本页内容

ed-MON-toh-SORE-us ah-NEK-tenz

时代
白垩纪72.1–66 Ma
食性
植食性
体长
12–15 m
体重
5.6–15.9 t
产地
United States, Canada
分类
Ornithopoda · Hadrosauridae
命名
1892, Othniel Charles Marsh

概览

此内容目前仅提供英文版。

Edmontosaurus annectens lived in western North America in the late Maastrichtian, alongside Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops. Othniel Charles Marsh named it Claosaurus annectens in 1892 from a skeleton from the Lance Formation of Wyoming (USNM 2414). The genus Edmontosaurus had been named by Lawrence Lambe in 1917 for the older species E. regalis from Alberta.

It was a big, flat-headed hadrosaur that walked on four or two legs and chewed plants with batteries of hundreds of teeth. Several naturally mummified specimens, the first found by the Sternberg family in 1908, preserve large areas of scaly skin. Campione and Evans (2011) showed that the giant "Anatotitan" was just a large E. annectens, leaving two species in the genus.

A Tyrannosaurus tooth embedded in two fused, healed tail vertebrae of a hadrosaur like Edmontosaurus shows that T. rex attacked living animals and that this one escaped (DePalma et al. 2013).

名称含义

"Edmonton lizard", after the Edmonton Formation of Alberta where the type species was found (Lambe 1917); annectens, Latin for "connecting" (Marsh 1892).

生物学与证据

科学家对这种动物生活方式的看法，以及每种观点的证据有多充分。

皮肤与体表覆盖

  • Edmontosaurus had scaly skin.

    证据等级：直接证据

    Several mummified specimens preserve large areas of skin with small, pebbly scales.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 皮肤印痕 · Edmontosaurus mummies

      Naturally mummified skeletons with large areas of scaly skin, including AMNH 5060 (found in 1908 by the Sternbergs) and "Dakota" (NDGS 2000).

生长

  • The giant "Anatotitan" was a fully grown Edmontosaurus annectens.

    证据等级：有力证据

    Its long, flat skull falls on the growth trajectory of E. annectens, so the differences reflect size and age, not a separate species.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 比较解剖学 · Morphometrics of edmontosaur skulls

      Morphometric analysis of almost all complete edmontosaur skulls finds only two species; Anatotitan copei and other names fall within the growth series of E. annectens.

行为

  • Tyrannosaurus attacked living Edmontosaurus.

    证据等级：中等证据

    A T. rex tooth is embedded in a hadrosaur tail that healed afterwards, so the animal was alive and escaped. The vertebrae are compared with, not firmly identified as, Edmontosaurus annectens.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 标本 · Healed hadrosaur tail with embedded T. rex tooth

      Two fused hadrosaur tail vertebrae (compared with E. annectens) from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota, enclosing a Tyrannosaurus tooth crown surrounded by healed bone.

The mummified Edmontosaurus annectens specimen with preserved skin impressions, as figured by Osborn (1912).图片来源：Henry Fairfield Osborn, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons公有领域来源（在新标签页中打开）

体型

体长
12–15 m

（49.2 英尺）

身高
3 m文献范围 2.6–3.4 m

（9.8 英尺）

依据 large adults

体重
5,600–15,900 kg
Edmontosaurus annectens 体长约 15 米（49.2 英尺），约为身高 1.8 米的成年人的 8.3 倍。

时间线

生活在约 72.1 至 66 百万年前（Ma），属于中生代（252–66 Ma）。

时代： 马斯特里赫特阶 (72.1–66 Ma), 晚白垩世 (100.5–66 Ma)

Maastrichtian bounds in PBDB; Campione & Evans place E. annectens in the late Maastrichtian and E. regalis in the late Campanian.

产地

地层

地图数据：Natural Earth（公有领域）。显示的是现代位置，而非当时大陆的位置。

这些是发现化石的地点，而不是该动物生活的全部范围。

生态系统

Hell Creek Formation scene with Dakotaraptor, Edmontosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus and Tyrannosaurus.图片来源：ABelov2014, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsCC BY 3.0来源（在新标签页中打开）

生活于： Hell Creek

68–66 百万年前 · 泛滥平原, 河流水系, 森林, 沿海平原

Warm, humid coastal lowlands and river floodplains west of the retreating Western Interior Seaway at the very end of the Cretaceous, with forests of conifers and flowering plants. The ecosystem ends at the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

同一生态系统

Tyrannosaurus rex

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶肉食性

同一生态系统

Triceratops horridus

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Ankylosaurus magniventris

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

分类

  1. 演化支Dinosauria
  2. 演化支Ornithischia
  3. 演化支Ornithopoda
  4. 科Hadrosauridae
  5. 亚科Saurolophinae
  6. 属Edmontosaurus
  7. 种Edmontosaurus annectens

分类地位： 有效

化石记录

Mounted casts of Edmontosaurus at the Museum of Ancient Life, Utah.图片来源：Etemenanki3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing), Museum of Ancient Life, UtahCC BY-SA 4.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）
标本
编号类型收藏机构发现年份
USNM 2414正模标本National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM)—
YPM 2182副模标本Yale Peabody Museum (YPM)—

已发现的部分

正模标本: USNM 2414

  • 保存
  • 部分保存
  • 复原
  • 未知 / 未记录

正模标本: USNM 2414

按部位查看（表格）
正模标本: USNM 2414 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull部分保存 · Skull roof.
Mandible未知 / 未记录
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis未知 / 未记录
Femur未知 / 未记录
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录

副模标本: YPM 2182

按部位查看（表格）
副模标本: YPM 2182 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull保存
Mandible未知 / 未记录
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis未知 / 未记录
Femur未知 / 未记录
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录
Multiview skeletal reconstruction of Edmontosaurus annectens, scaled as MOR 1142 'X-Rex', with a human for scale.图片来源：Gunnar Bivens, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing)CC BY-SA 4.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）

图库

Historical reconstruction: Charles R. Knight's early 20th-century painting of hadrosaurs (then 'Trachodon') by a lake, with upright kangaroo-like posture now considered outdated.图片来源：Charles R. Knight, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons公有领域

全部标本

发现

命名年份
1892
命名者
Othniel Charles Marsh
模式标本
USNM 2414

发现时间线

  1. 1892 · 正式命名

    Marsh names Claosaurus annectens

    Marsh names a hadrosaur from the Lance Formation of Wyoming.

    人物：Othniel Charles Marsh

  2. 1908 · 标本出土

    The Sternbergs find the first Edmontosaurus mummy

    A mummified skeleton with skin impressions (AMNH 5060) is found in the Lance Formation of Wyoming.

  3. 1917 · 正式命名

    Lambe names Edmontosaurus

    The genus is named for E. regalis from the Edmonton (now Horseshoe Canyon) Formation of Alberta.

    人物：Lawrence M. Lambe

  4. 2011 · 修订

    Edmontosaur species reduced to two

    Campione and Evans show that edmontosaurs include only E. regalis and E. annectens.

    人物：Nicolás E. Campione

  5. 2013 · 重要研究

    Healed T. rex bite found in a hadrosaur tail

    DePalma and colleagues report a tooth embedded in healed vertebrae.

参考文献

  1. (2026). Paleobiology Database: Edmontosaurus occurrences. The Paleobiology Database (paleobiodb.org), data service 1.2, accessed 2026-09-23. https://paleobiodb.org/data1.2/occs/list.txt?base_name=Edmontosaurus&show=coords,paleoloc,strat,loc,ref&pgm=gplates（在新标签页中打开）
  2. (2026). Wikipedia: Edmontosaurus. Wikipedia (English), accessed 2026-09-23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontosaurus（在新标签页中打开）
  3. Campione, N. E. & Evans, D. C. (2011). Cranial growth and variation in edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): implications for latest Cretaceous megaherbivore diversity in North America. PLoS ONE 6: e25186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025186（在新标签页中打开）
  4. Cohen, K. M., Harper, D. A. T., Gibbard, P. L. & Car, N. (2023). International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2023/09). International Commission on Stratigraphy. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf（在新标签页中打开）
  5. DePalma, R. A., Burnham, D. A., Martin, L. D., Rothschild, B. M. & Larson, P. L. (2013). Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216534110（在新标签页中打开）
  6. Lambe, L. M. (1917). A new genus and species of crestless hadrosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta. The Ottawa Naturalist 31(7): 65-73.
  7. Marsh, O. C. (1892). Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation. American Journal of Science 43: 449-453.
  8. Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd edition). Princeton University Press.