DinoDex
Grey three-horned dinosaur with a solid frill walking in side view
Life reconstruction of Triceratops horridus based on specimen P 256878.图片来源：Connor Ashbridge, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing)CC BY-SA 4.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）

Triceratops horridus

读音： try-SER-ah-tops HOR-ih-dus

Ceratopsia · Ceratopsidae

A large three-horned chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the very end of the Cretaceous of western North America, living alongside Tyrannosaurus rex in the Hell Creek and Lance formations.

  • Horned
  • Quadrupedal
  • Giant
  • Skin impressions known
  • Movie icon
对比
时代
白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶
食性
植食性
体长
8–9 m
体重
6,000–10,000 kg
地点
Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota

快速问答

Triceratops horridus有多大？
Triceratops horridus体长约8–9 m。髋部高约2.4–3 m。体重约6–10 t。 (Paul 2010; Paul 2016)
Triceratops horridus生活在什么时候？
Triceratops horridus生活在晚白垩世，约6800万至6600万年前。 (Cohen et al. 2023; Fowler 2017)
在哪里发现过Triceratops horridus的化石？
Triceratops horridus的化石发现于Hell Creek Formation (Montana)、Lance Formation (Wyoming)、South Dakota和North Dakota。 (Marsh 1889; Paul 2010)
Triceratops horridus吃什么？
Triceratops horridus是植食性。 (Marsh 1889; Paul 2010)
Triceratops horridus由谁命名，何时命名？
Triceratops horridus由Othniel Charles Marsh于1889年描述。 (Marsh 1889)
Triceratops horridus出现在《侏罗纪公园》里吗？
是的。Triceratops horridus出现在《侏罗纪公园》 (1993)、《失落的世界：侏罗纪公园》 (1997)、《侏罗纪公园3》 (2001)、《侏罗纪世界》 (2015)、《侏罗纪世界2》 (2018)和《侏罗纪世界3》 (2022)中。电影有不少虚构成分；本页将其与化石证据进行了对比。 (Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park 2026; Farke et al. 2009)

本页内容

try-SER-ah-tops HOR-ih-dus

时代
白垩纪68–66 Ma
食性
植食性
体长
8–9 m
体重
6–10 t
分类
Ceratopsia · Ceratopsidae
命名
1889, Othniel Charles Marsh

概览

此内容目前仅提供英文版。

Triceratops horridus lived in western North America during the Maastrichtian, the last age of the Cretaceous. O. C. Marsh first described it in 1889 as Ceratops horridus from a skull (YPM 1820) collected by John Bell Hatcher in the Lance Formation of Wyoming, and moved it to the new genus Triceratops later that year.

It was a heavy, four-legged plant eater with a short nose horn, two long brow horns and a solid bony frill. Its fossils are among the most common dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek and Lance formations, where it shared its world with Tyrannosaurus rex.

Complete skeletons are rare, so body size is less certain than the many skulls suggest. The figures below are given as ranges with their source.

名称含义

From Greek tri- ("three"), keras ("horn") and ops ("face"): "three-horned face"; Latin horridus means "rough" or "bristling" (Marsh 1889).

生物学与证据

科学家对这种动物生活方式的看法，以及每种观点的证据有多充分。

皮肤与体表覆盖

  • Triceratops was covered in large, non-overlapping scales.

    证据等级：中等证据

    A nearly complete Triceratops in Houston preserves skin with large polygonal scales. The skin has been shown and discussed but not yet fully published, so the details may change.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 皮肤印痕 · Triceratops skin impression (Lane specimen)

      Large patches of skin with big polygonal scales, some with a central bump, from a nearly complete Triceratops in Houston.

生长

  • Torosaurus is the fully adult form of Triceratops.

    证据等级：有争议

    Scannella and Horner argued that the frill of Triceratops opened up with age until it looked like Torosaurus. Others found immature Torosaurus and no clear transitional skulls. Most researchers still keep them as separate genera.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 2
    支持证据

    • 标本 · Triceratops skull growth series

      A series of skulls from juvenile to large adult showing the frill thinning, lengthening and opening holes with age.

    反对证据

    • 比较解剖学 · Torosaurus specimens with mature bone but no Triceratops transition

      Torosaurus specimens that are not fully mature and lack the transitional features predicted if they were old Triceratops.

行为

  • Triceratops used its horns to fight other Triceratops.

    证据等级：中等证据

    Many Triceratops skulls carry healed wounds on the frill and cheeks that fit the horns of another Triceratops, much more often than in related horned dinosaurs. This points to horn-locking fights, like those of modern antelope.

    支持 / 反对证据 · 1
    支持证据

    • 标本 · Healed horn and frill lesions in Triceratops

      Healed wounds on squamosals (frill bones) of Triceratops are far more frequent than in Centrosaurus and match the shape of Triceratops horn tips.

Fossil skin impression of Triceratops at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, showing large polygonal scales.图片来源：TheUltimateGrass, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, Houston Museum of Natural ScienceCC0 1.0来源（在新标签页中打开）

体型

体长
8–9 m

（29.5 英尺）

身高
2.7 m文献范围 2.4–3 m

（8.9 英尺）

依据 composite mounts (e.g. USNM 4842 "Hatcher")

体重
6,000–10,000 kg
Triceratops horridus 体长约 9 米（29.5 英尺），约为身高 1.8 米的成年人的 5 倍。

时间线

生活在约 68 至 66 百万年前（Ma），属于中生代（252–66 Ma）。

时代： 马斯特里赫特阶 (72.1–66 Ma), 晚白垩世 (100.5–66 Ma)

endAgeMa 66.0 = end of the Maastrichtian (ICS 2023/09). startAgeMa left empty: no primary source verified for the first appearance.

产地

地层

地图数据：Natural Earth（公有领域）。显示的是现代位置，而非当时大陆的位置。

这些是发现化石的地点，而不是该动物生活的全部范围。

生态系统

生活于： Hell Creek

68–66 百万年前 · 泛滥平原, 河流水系, 森林, 沿海平原

Warm, humid coastal lowlands and river floodplains west of the retreating Western Interior Seaway at the very end of the Cretaceous, with forests of conifers and flowering plants. The ecosystem ends at the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

同一生态系统

Tyrannosaurus rex

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶肉食性

同一生态系统

Ankylosaurus magniventris

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

同一生态系统

Edmontosaurus annectens

白垩纪· 马斯特里赫特阶植食性

分类

  1. 演化支Dinosauria
  2. 演化支Ornithischia
  3. 演化支Ceratopsia
  4. 科Ceratopsidae
  5. 亚科Chasmosaurinae
  6. 属Triceratops
  7. 种Triceratops horridus

分类地位： 有效

化石记录

Triceratops skeleton at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.图片来源：Erik Drost, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons, Cleveland Museum of Natural HistoryCC BY 2.0来源（在新标签页中打开）
标本
编号类型收藏机构发现年份
YPM 1820正模标本Yale Peabody Museum (YPM)1888
USNM 4842 “Hatcher”归入标本National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM)—

已发现的部分

正模标本: YPM 1820

  • 保存
  • 部分保存
  • 复原
  • 未知 / 未记录

正模标本: YPM 1820

按部位查看（表格）
正模标本: YPM 1820 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull部分保存 · Horn cores and partial skull.
Mandible未知 / 未记录
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis未知 / 未记录
Femur未知 / 未记录
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录

归入标本: USNM 4842 “Hatcher”

按部位查看（表格）
归入标本: USNM 4842 “Hatcher” 的骨骼部位
部位状态
Skull复原
Mandible未知 / 未记录
Teeth未知 / 未记录
Cervical vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Dorsal vertebrae部分保存
Sacrum未知 / 未记录
Caudal vertebrae未知 / 未记录
Ribs未知 / 未记录
Gastralia未知 / 未记录
Scapula / shoulder girdle未知 / 未记录
Humerus未知 / 未记录
Forearm (radius / ulna)未知 / 未记录
Hand (manus)未知 / 未记录
Pelvis部分保存
Femur保存
Tibia / fibula未知 / 未记录
Foot (pes)未知 / 未记录
Triceratops skull P12003 on display at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.图片来源：Evolutionnumber9, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (unmodified except resizing), Field Museum of Natural HistoryCC BY-SA 4.0（未修改）来源（在新标签页中打开）

全部标本

发现

命名年份
1889
命名者
Othniel Charles Marsh
模式标本
YPM 1820 (holotype of Ceratops horridus)
The Triceratops horridus type skull YPM 1820, as figured in The Ceratopsia (Hatcher, Marsh & Lull 1907).图片来源：J. B. Hatcher, O. C. Marsh and R. S. Lull, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons公有领域来源（在新标签页中打开）

发现时间线

  1. 1887 · 首次发现材料

    Horn cores found near Denver named Bison alticornis

    Marsh first mistakes a pair of horn cores from Colorado for those of a giant bison; they were later recognised as Triceratops.

    人物：Othniel Charles Marsh

  2. 1889 · 正式命名

    Marsh names Ceratops horridus, then Triceratops

    Marsh names Ceratops horridus from Hatcher's skull and, later in 1889, the new genus Triceratops.

    人物：Othniel Charles Marsh, John Bell Hatcher

  3. 2010 · 修订

    Torosaurus proposed as adult Triceratops

    Scannella and Horner propose that Torosaurus is the mature form of Triceratops; the idea is contested.

《侏罗纪公园》与《侏罗纪世界》中的形象

电影

  • 侏罗纪公园 (1993)
  • 失落的世界：侏罗纪公园 (1997)
  • 侏罗纪公园3 (2001)
  • 侏罗纪世界 (2015)
  • 侏罗纪世界2 (2018)
  • 侏罗纪世界3 (2022)

此内容目前仅提供英文版。

银幕形象

A sick Triceratops is the park's gentle patient in the first film; later films show it in herds and in fights.

电影与化石对比

  • The anatomy is broadly faithful. Healed horn wounds on skulls suggest Triceratops really did lock horns with each other.

电影名称仅用于识别。DinoDex 与《侏罗纪公园》/《侏罗纪世界》系列无任何关联，也未获其认可。 所有在电影中出现的恐龙

参考文献

  1. (2026). Wikipedia: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_in_Jurassic_Park（在新标签页中打开）
  2. Cohen, K. M., Harper, D. A. T., Gibbard, P. L. & Car, N. (2023). International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2023/09). International Commission on Stratigraphy. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf（在新标签页中打开）
  3. Farke, A. A., Wolff, E. D. S. & Tanke, D. H. (2009). Evidence of combat in Triceratops. PLoS ONE 4(1): e4252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004252（在新标签页中打开）
  4. Fowler, D. W. (2017). Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0188426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188426（在新标签页中打开）
  5. Marsh, O. C. (1889). Notice of gigantic horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. American Journal of Science (series 3) 38: 173-175.
  6. Paul, G. S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press.
  7. Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd edition). Princeton University Press.
  8. Shay, D. & Duncan, J. (1993). The Making of Jurassic Park. Ballantine Books.